![]() Edmund Burke's A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757) is another important influence. Significant foreign influences were the Germans Goethe, Schiller and August Wilhelm Schlegel, and French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78). Among the most famous sentimental novels in English are Samuel Richardson's Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740), Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy (1759–67) and A Sentimental Journey (1768), Henry Brooke's The Fool of Quality (1765–70), Henry Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling (1771) and Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent (1800). The ability to display feelings was thought to show character and experience, and to shape social life and relations. The result is a valorization of "fine feeling", displaying the characters as models for refined, sensitive emotional effect. Scenes of distress and tenderness are common, and the plot is arranged to advance emotions rather than action. Sentimental novels relied on emotional response both from their readers and characters. Sentimentalism, which is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction which began in reaction to the rationalism of the Augustan Age. It celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment, sentimentalism and sensibility. ![]() The sentimental novel or "novel of sensibility" is a genre which developed during the second half of the 18th century. Other precursors of Romanticism are the poets James Thomson (1700–48) and James Macpherson (1736–96). Some major Gothic poets include Thomas Gray (1716–71), whose Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751) is "the best known product of this kind of sensibility" William Cowper (1731–1800) Christopher Smart (1722–71) Thomas Chatterton (1752–70) Robert Blair (1699–1746), author of The Grave (1743), "which celebrates the horror of death" and Edward Young (1683–1765), whose The Complaint, or Night-Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality (1742–45) is another "noted example of the graveyard genre". These concepts are often considered precursors of the Gothic genre. To this was added by later practitioners, a feeling for the " sublime" and uncanny, and an interest in ancient English poetic forms and folk poetry. This includes the graveyard poets, who were a number of pre-Romantic English poets writing in the 1740s and later, whose works are characterized by their gloomy meditations on mortality, "skulls and coffins, epitaphs and worms" in the context of the graveyard. The Romantic movement in English literature of the early 19th century has its roots in 18th-century poetry, the Gothic novel and the novel of sensibility. The French Revolution was an especially important influence on the political thinking of many notable Romantic figures at this time as well. Indeed, Romanticism may be seen in part as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, though it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, as well as a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. The movement of so many people in England was the result of two forces: the Agricultural Revolution, which involved enclosures that drove workers and their families off the land, and the Industrial Revolution which provided them employment, "in the factories and mills, operated by machines driven by steam-power". The Romantic period was one of major social change in England, due to the depopulation of the countryside and the rapid development of overcrowded industrial cities that took place roughly between 17. Romanticism arrived in other parts of the English-speaking world later in the United States, it arrived around 1820. Scholars regard the publishing of William Wordsworth's and Samuel Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads in 1798 as probably the beginning of the movement, and the crowning of Queen Victoria in 1837 as its end. Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. William Blake is considered a seminal figure in the history of both the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic age.
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